


2.1. Metal nanomaterials. Metal NPs, such as gold, iron, silver, and other metallic NPs, have been studied, and it has been shown that these materials have unusual chemical, optical, and electrical properties as compared to bulk materials (Asghari et al., 2016).For example, Au NPs can be synthesized and prepared by combined sonoelectrochemical and ultrasonic vibration (Shiau et al., 2018).